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Methods at BESSY II

Absorption

Absorption spectroscopy provides information on a sample by determining the attenuation of radiation due to interaction with the sample. X-ray excitation results in the emission of photoelectrons and photons (fluorescence) revealing details of the chemical, electronic, and molecular structure of materials close to the surface (depth depends on photon energy of incident light and photoelectron energy).
IR absorption results in vibrational excitation and can be used for instance to study the structural and functional interactions of proteins.

Please find below a list of absorption techniques used at BESSY II. Select one technique to get to a list of BESSY II instruments that employ it.
Acronnym Long name
EXAFS Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure
NEXAFS Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure
XRF X-ray Fluorescence
XRF Mapping X-ray Fluorescence Mapping
IR Spectroscopy IR Spectroscopy
XMCD X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism
XMLD X-ray Magnetic Linear Dichroism
THz spectroscopy TeraHertz spectroscopy
Time-resolved absorption Time-resolved absorption

Diffraction

Diffraction refers to various phenomena that occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or opening - which may also be atoms in a crystal. Incoming waves bend around the atoms and outgoing waves build a diffraction pattern, which reveals the molecular structure of a material.

Please find below a list of diffraction techniques used at BESSY II. Select one technique to get to a list of BESSY II instruments that employ it.
Acronnym Long name
Crystallography (biological macromolecules) Crystallography (biological macromolecules)
Crystallography (material sciences) Crystallography (material sciences)
Powder Diffraction Powder Diffraction
Single Crystal Diffraction Single Crystal Diffraction
Surface Diffraction Surface Diffraction
Topography Topography
LEED Low Energy Electron Diffraction
XPD X-ray Photoelectron Diffraction
Time-resolved diffraction Time-resolved diffraction

Reflection

Reflection of light at a surface is influenced by the surface properties of a sample. Hence, analyzing angular dependent intensity or polarization of reflected x-rays or IR light contributes to understanding the detailed surface properties of materials or thin films.

Please find below a list of reflection techniques used at BESSY II. Select one technique to get to a list of BESSY II instruments that employ it.
Acronnym Long name
Ellipsometry Ellipsometry
Polarimetry Polarimetry
Reflectometry Reflectometry
XRF X-ray Fluorescence
XRF Mapping X-ray Fluorescence Mapping
Time-resolved reflection Time-resolved reflection

Imaging

or Imaging and Microscopy, technical equipment is used to see objects that are too small to see with the naked eye. Due to their short wavelengths, X-rays can be used to image samples down to the nanoscale. Imaging can be combined with microscopy or spectroscopy to get further information about a sample, such as chemical composition.

Please find below a list of imaging and microscopy techniques used at BESSY II. Select one technique to get to a list of BESSY II instruments that employ it.
Acronnym Long name
Fluorescence Imaging Fluorescence Imaging
IR Microscopy IR Microscopy
Mid Infrared near-field Microscopy Mid Infrared near-field Microscopy
PEEM Photoemission Electron Microscopy
THz-near-field Microscopy THz-near-field Microscopy
X-ray Holography X-ray Holography
X-ray Microscopy X-ray Microscopy
X-ray Refraction Radiography X-ray Refraction Radiography
X-ray Refraction Tomography X-ray Refraction Tomography
X-ray Tomography X-ray Tomography

Ion Spectroscopy

Any spectroscopic method for which molecules are ionized first to study the positively charged ion, is generally referred to ion spectroscopy.

Please find below a list of ion spectroscopy techniques used at BESSY II. Select one technique to get to a list of BESSY II instruments that employ it.
Acronnym Long name
Mass Spectrometry Mass Spectrometry

Photoelectron Emission

Photoelectron emission is accomplished by irradiating a sample with monochromatic VUV or X-ray radiation and analyzing the photoelectrons emitted. It is applied to study the electronic structure of molecules, clusters, thin films and solid surfaces. Also liquid samples have become accessible in the recent decade by applying the liquid microjet technique.

Please find below a list of photoelectron techniques used at BESSY II. Select one technique to get to a list of BESSY II instruments that employ it.
Acronnym Long name
ARPES Angular-resolved Photoelectron Emission Spectroscopy
HAXPES Hard X-ray Photoelectron Emission Spectroscopy
NAP-XPS Near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
Spin-resovled PES Spin-resovled Photoelectron Emission Spectroscopy
UPS UV Photoelectron Spectroscopy
XPS X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
XPD X-ray Photoelectron Diffraction
Time-resolved PES Time-resolved Photoelectron Emission Spectroscopy

Scattering

X-ray scattering is observing the scattered intensity of X-rays hitting a sample as a function of incident and scattered angle, polarization, and photon energy. It is a non-destructive analytical method revealing information about the crystal structure, chemical composition, and physical properties of materials and thin films.

Please find below a list of X-ray scattering techniques used at BESSY II. Select one technique to get to a list of BESSY II instruments that employ it.
Acronnym Long name
Anomalous Scattering Anomalous Scattering
Coherent Scattering Coherent Scattering
Elastic Scattering Elastic Scattering
Magnetic Scattering Magnetic Scattering
Reflectivity Reflectivity
REXS Resonant Elastic X-ray Scattering
RIXS Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering
SAXS Small Angle X-ray Scattering
WAXS Wide Angle X-ray Scattering
Time-resolved scattering Time-resolved scattering

Further information